Polio Poliovirus Polio is a virus that paralyzes 1 in people who get infected. Among those cases, 5 to 10 per cent die when their breathing muscles are paralyzed.
There is no cure for polio once the paralysis sets in — only treatment to alleviate the symptoms. DTP Diphtheria Diphtheria infects the throat and tonsils, making it hard for children to breathe and swallow. DTP Tetanus Tetanus causes very painful muscle contractions. Even with treatment, tetanus is often fatal. DTP Pertussis Pertussis whooping cough causes coughing spells that can last for weeks. In some cases, it can lead to trouble breathing, pneumonia, and death.
Hib Haemophilus influenza type b Hib Hib is a bacterium that causes pneumonia, meningitis and other severe infections almost exclusively in children under 5 years old. Pneumococcal Pneumococcal diseases Pneumococcal diseases range from serious diseases such as meningitis and pneumonia to milder but more common infections like sinusitis and ear infections. Pneumococcal diseases are a common cause of sickness and death worldwide, especially among young children under 2 years old.
Rotavirus Rotavirus Rotaviruses cause severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and shock in young children. This can lead to death if treatment, especially fluid replacement, is not immediately started.
MMR Measles Measles is a highly contagious disease with symptoms that include fever, runny nose, white spots in the back of the mouth and a rash. Serious cases can cause blindness, brain swelling and death. MMR Mumps Mumps can cause headache, malaise, fever, and swollen salivary glands. Vaccines do an incredible job of protecting you from serious diseases like whooping cough and measles. Have you ever wondered how vaccines actually work? Vaccines help your immune system do its job better and faster.
And that protects you from serious diseases. The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body from harmful germs. When bacteria, viruses, and other germs invade your body, they multiply and attack. This invasion is called an infection. Infections cause the diseases that make you sick. Your immune system is always on patrol in your body. When it comes across an invading germ, it attacks that germ. This is called an immune response.
Vaccines help your immune system fight infections faster and more effectively. When you get a vaccine, it sparks your immune response, helping your body fight off and remember the germ so it can attack it if the germ ever invades again. Vaccines often provide long-lasting immunity to serious diseases without the risk of serious illness. Blood contains red blood cells, for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs, and white or immune cells, for fighting infection.
These white cells consist primarily of macrophages, B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes:. Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous, or even deadly.
This fact sheet explains how the body fights infection and how vaccines work to protect people by producing immunity. The first time the body encounters a germ, it can take several days to make and use all the germ-fighting tools needed to get over the infection. After the infection, the immune system remembers what it learned about how to protect the body against that disease.
The body keeps a few T-lymphocytes, called memory cells, that go into action quickly if the body encounters the same germ again.
When the familiar antigens are detected, B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them. Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, almost never causes illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies.
Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms, such as fever. Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity. However, it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes after vaccination.
Therefore, it is possible that a person infected with a disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease, because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection. Scientists take many approaches to developing vaccines.
These approaches are based on information about the infections caused by viruses or bacteria the vaccine will prevent, such as how germs infect cells and how the immune system responds to it. Practical considerations, such as regions of the world where the vaccine would be used, are also important because the strain of a virus and environmental conditions, such as temperature and risk of exposure, may be different across the globe.
The vaccine delivery options available may also differ geographically. Today there are five main types of vaccines that infants and young children commonly receive in the U. There are four reasons that babies—and even teens or adults—who receive a vaccine for the first time may need more than one dose:. Some people believe that naturally acquired immunity—immunity from having the disease itself—is better than the immunity provided by vaccines.
However, natural infections can cause severe complications and be deadly. This is true even for diseases that many people consider mild, like chickenpox. It is impossible to predict who will get serious infections that may lead to hospitalization. Vaccines, like any medication, can cause side effects. The most common side effects are mild. However, many vaccine-preventable disease symptoms can be serious, or even deadly.
Although many of these diseases are rare in this country, they do circulate around the world and can be brought into the U. Even with advances in health care, the diseases that vaccines prevent can still be very serious — and vaccination is the best way to prevent them.
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