The alternative is a "mistaken lifestyle," whose job it is for the therapist to correct. Adler did not accept the Freudian notion that persons are victims of their past. Instead, he believed that humans are free to choose their own destiny, which he embraced in his concept of the "creative self. Boeree, C. Classical Adlerian Psychology???? An early follower of Freud who broke away to formulate his own theory emphasizing compensatory mechanisms that facilitate and attenuate personal growth.
Ansbacher, H. Alfred Adler revisited. New York: Praeger. When told of Adler's death on the streets of Aberdeen , Scotland, Freud as quoted in Jones, caustically remarked "For a Jew boy out of a Viennese suburb a death in Aberdeen is an unheard-of career in itself and a proof of how far he had got on. The world really rewarded him richly for his service in having contradicted psychoanalysis" p. Besides not liking each other very much, Freud and Adler were temperamentally quite different.
Freud was aloof, almost cold with people he did not know well, whereas Adler was gregarious, warm, and friendly with nearly everyone. Freud's personality was more suited for research than for therapy, and he used psychoanalysis more as a learning tool than as a means of curing the neuroses of his patients, most of whom were from the upper-middle or upper classes.
In contrast, Adler enjoyed the clinical aspects of his profession and delighted in conducting therapy with patients from the working classes. Differences between Freud and Adler extended to their attitude toward women.
Near the end of his life, Freud was still asking what women wanted and was still clinging to his basic assumption that anatomy was destiny and that men and women were not only anatomically disparate but also psychologically different.
At that time Alfred Adler already had a long history of advocating equality of the sexes and was assuming that women and men wanted more or less the same thing because they had the same physiological and psychological needs. Their opposing views on femininity were accentuated in the women Freud and Adler chose to marry. Martha Bernays Freud was a subservient housewife dedicated to her children and husband, but she had no interest in her husband's professional work.
In contrast, Raissa Epstein Adler was an intensely independent woman who abhorred the traditional domestic role, preferring a politically active career.
Edward Hoffman recounted one example of Raissa's independence. Shortly before World War I, Raissa took their four children on an extended vacation to her native Russia. When war threatened Europe, Adler send a telegram asking her to return to Austria immediately. Raissa, however, refused saying she would wait. Her hesitation showed her independence, but as a result, she and her children came dangerously close to being trapped in Russia.
She managed to escape with her children only after gaining an audience with the Czar and falsely declaring herself a loyal Russian citizen. Such independence pleased Adler, who was as much a feminist as his strong-willed wife.
As her husband gained world fame , Raissa Adler continued an independent lifestyle. She pursued her political career, actively trying to help her friend Leon Trotsky out maneuver Joseph Stalin for control of the Communist Party. During the early years of their marriage, Raissa and Alfred Adler had somewhat compatible political views, but in time, these views diverged.
Alfred became more of a capitalist, advocating personal responsibility, while Raissa continued as a Marxist-Leninist, promoting state control of wealth. When asked her opinion of her husband's views, Raissa once replied: "I do not agree with all that Adler teaches. Not that I am against his main principles of Individual Psychology , but I think these matters have an economic basis and should be dealt with politically, and my husband does not" Bottome, , p.
One would be hard-pressed to imagine Martha Freud making such a statement about her husband's views. Raissa also showed her independence after Alfred moved to New York. Despite several requests by her husband to join him in the United States , Raissa refused and continued to live in Europe where she could advance her own political and economic views.
After the Nazis took control of Austria, Raissa was arrested for her involvement in Communist Party activities and spent several days in jail. Undeterred, she still chose to live in Austria and to pursue her political activities. Finally, in and after becoming a political refugee, she decided to move to New York and live with her husband and her son Kurt. Unfortunately, the next year Alfred was dead. Ironically, Raissa, who did not share her husband's fondness for the United States and its people, continued to live in New York until her own death, nearly 25 years later.
It now seems likely that even if Freud and Adler had held compatible professional and scientific views, their personality differences would have inevitably driven them apart. Bottome, P. Frau Dr. Raissa Adler. Journal of Individual Psychology, 18 , Hoffman, E. The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology.
The Adlers were a musical family and Alfred was known for his singing voice. Although he was encouraged to pursue a career in opera, in his childhood he suffered some illnesses and the death of a younger brother. Adler was an active member but did not consider himself a pupil or follower of Freud. One difference in the two theories of Freud and Adler was that Freud split the personality into components and Adler thought the individual should be studied as a whole.
Adler , on the other hand, believed that the conscious and unconscious worked together in harmony. Why did Adler break from Freud? After serving as President of the group for a time, Adler left in part because of his disagreements with some of Freud's theories.
While Adler had played a key role in the development of psychoanalysis, he was also one of the first major figures to break away to form his own school of thought. What is the role of inferiority in Adler's theory? A child is motivated by feelings of inferiority to strive for greater things. Those feelings of inferiority activate a person to strive upward so that normal feelings of inferiority impel the human being to solve his or her problems successfully, whereas the inferiority complex impedes or prevents one from doing so.
Why did Adler call his theory individual psychology? Adler called his approach individual psychology because it expressed his belief that every human personality is unique and indivisible Ewen, Furthermore, Freud's belief in unconscious motivation did not do justice to the fact that people are generally conscious of the reasons for their behavior.
What is Freud's theory of personality? Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.
Why did Jung and Freud disagree?
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