Which type of plastids help in photosynthesis

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In addition, for a subgroup of dinoflagellates that contain the peridinin pigment, including species that cause "red tide" in the ocean e. The recent discovery of a substantial number of red and green algal-derived genes in diatoms Moustafa et al. If the chromalveolate hypothesis is true, then why are not all chromalveolates ciliates and apicomplexans photosynthetic? Interestingly, the parasitic Apicomplexans e. The apicoplasts may have shared common origins with secondary plastids of the closely related dinoflagellates, but subsequently lost their photosynthetic capability , likely due to the transition to obligate parasitism Funes et al.

Is there an alternative explanation for the origin of secondary plastids? Indeed, the independent acquisition hypothesis suggests that the origin of secondary plastids in different groups of chromalveolates e. Experimental evidence for this hypothesis is not as strong as that for the chromalveolate hypothesis, however. In fact, many recent analyses are tailored to disprove the chromalveolate hypothesis using selective data sampling Baurain et al.

What is the advantage of the independent acquisition hypothesis? We know that over evolutionary time plastid-lacking chromalveolates are likely to lose the plastid and nuclear-encoded plastid targeted proteins derived from the red algal endosymbiont. In evolutionary biology, we assume that the least complex most parsimonious explanation for an observation is more plausible.

The independent acquisition hypothesis avoids a convoluted explanation of organelle and gene losses to explain the sporadic plastid distribution observed today in nonphotosynthetic chromalveolates.

In the extreme case, some scientists who support this hypothesis claim that the fundamental grouping of the chromalveolates is itself inaccurate. Given the paucity of empirical data, we need to understand this complex chain of plastid acquisition events much better. What about the origin of plastids in other eukaryotes? There are other photosynthetic eukaryotes that are not members of Plantae or Chromalveolata, such as the photosynthetic excavates e.

Nonetheless a number of phylogenetic analyses show that these organisms have acquired their plastids in more recent instances of secondary endosymbiosis, during which a green alga was independently captured by their common ancestors Rogers et al. There is no simple way to explain the gain and loss of plastids in all eukaryotes.

The origin of primary plastids via endosymbiosis involving a cyanobacterium is well-established, but the origin of secondary plastids is still controversial. However, the chromalveolate hypothesis and the secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga is the best-supported hypothesis to date based on numerous empirical studies.

In addition, subsequent tertiary endosymbioses involving other free-living eukaryotes explain plastid origins in other eukaryote lineages. Additional studies and biochemical validation where possible are needed to better test existing hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of plastids in eukaryotes.

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Filosea: Euglyphina. Journal of Protozoology 35 , — doi Invalid OTP! Resend OTP? Send OTP. Which type of plastids help in photosynthesis? Draw its diagram. Share this question. Pratap Palla Grade The type of plastids which help in photosynthesis is called chloroplasts.

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